Management Accounting Techniques and Methods Used by Oshodi Plc

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TASK1

P1 Explain management accounting and give the essential requirements of different types of management accounting systems

Management accounting is considered as the processing as well as presentation accounting and economical information. It will aids in assessing management performance, preparing plan of action, performing comparison, budgeting, forecasting and many others. This is vital for entities like OSHODI PLC to focus upon the effective management accounting at continuous basis so that its stakeholders may examine actual performance of firm.

The entities internal system that is followed to perform practices in predetermined way is known as management accounting system. With the assistance of this manager may evaluate recent enterprise position as well as try to accumulate described data for business so that they can able to develop strategies for future betterment (Chan, 2015). In OSHODI PLC, various kinds of system that is utilised through administration to perform practices in appropriate way. Some of these systems and its essential requirements are described underneath:

• Cost accounting system:This is regarded as the vital system that is usages through manufacturing entities for keeping cost records which are utilised to manufacture and other practices. Thus, manager of OSHODI PLC used cost accounting system to analyse the actual cost of overall bottles units that re produced through respective entities. Moreover, it will aids them in reducing expenditure that are not so much essential or outcomes into cost reduction. This is needed through OSHODI PLC as it facilitates direction to their manager for formulation decision to minimise the unnecessary expenses that may outcomes in reducing useless cost in futuristic period.
• Price optimisation system:For all entities whether large or small, this is vital to fix efficacious prices of whole goods which are sold through them to their audiences. For instance, price optimisation system is utilised through managers to fulfil the users desires (Chiwamit, Modell and Scapens, 2017). Therefore, manager of OSHODI PLC used this particular system to set the efficacious price for their goods which are produced by them. It will aids them to get knowledge regarded its audiences in terms of JOJO fruit juice cost. Moreover, it will also aids them to attain longer objectives like increasing profitability by grabbing the attention of more audiences.
• Job order costing: It is regarded as the system that is basically utilised for maintaining the all practices records that is carries out through them. So, the manager of OSHODI PLC applied this particular system for analysing the manufacturing process outcomes that are carried out as per the audiences specification. This is vital for entities as it aids them in as ascertaining their practices cost.
• Inventory management system:It is regarded as key element that influence product cost net income and many more related to entities. Inventory management system aids them in formulating controlling framework over inventory procedures in order to justify several types of issues. Many entities are so much concentrated towards personal utilisation through staff members, loses of stock and many more. In addition to this, with the aids of this system firms may become competent for developing process which help them in controlling inflows as well as outflows of stock and also ascertain the re-ordering period of stock (Christ and Burritt, 2015). The manufacturing company such as OSHODI PLC manufacture JOJO fruit juice so this is vital for them to used this to manage their inventory appropriately and efficaciously. This facilitates direction to them for formulating proper decision to accomplish organisational stock needs.

P2 Explain different methods used for management accounting reporting.

Entities higher authorities needs get information related to practices into single document as it saves their time. Management accounting is regarded as the methods of manufacturing various report which are represented in front of stakeholders in order to understand real status of entities. The OSHODI PLC manager applied this to assure that whole information associated with organisational actual position is kept through them or not. There are many management accounting report which are usages by manager of undertaken entities to produce various effective reports. Few of them are described underneath:

• Budget report:It is regarded as the vital intrinsic report which are formulated by the team of management for comparing the real and standard condition of entities (El-Shishin, 2017). It is develop into OSHODI PLC through its managers in order delegate finds to several practices according to their requirements so that overall task may be performed efficaciously by employees. It is beneficial for entities as with aids of this monetary resources may be utilised efficacious. In addition to this, it is utilised by enterprises for an aim to estimate futuristic capital requirements for decreasing extra expenses.
• Performance report:It is regarded as management accounting reporting which performs entities data and performance of workers. With the aids of this, it render bonuses, incentives and others to their staff member. So, the manager of OSHODI PLC developed this report through its manager to examine their efforts outcomes in optimistic and pessimistic manner. It is beneficial for entities as by using this administration may determine that their decision is efficacious for them or not. Also, this assists respective organisation to increase the stockholders engagement within enterprises as it directs them to determine that their staff are performing appropriately or not.
• Inventory management report: Into manufacturing entities, it is also regarded as the vital report as this assists OSHODI PLC manager to examine real status of stock. Also, it can be formulated through respective entities management to assures that organisation is competent to acquire stock to manufacture fruit juice based on audiences needs. It is beneficial for entities as this assists them in tracking the actual position of goods (Gow, Larcker and Reiss, 2016). The vital aim to generate respective report is to render information to its manager regarding inventory requirements for business practices.
• Account receivable report: It is regarded as the report which is developed to keep records of an amount which is outstanding through users. The essential aim to generate this report is to examine debts that are owned through many audiences. As OSHODI PLC is leading entities it manager develop this report so that they become competent to render credit facilities to its suppliers and also track the outstanding amount. It is beneficial for entities to to determine its finances which are going to received at futuristics duration. In addition to this, this assists them they can make strict credit policies by administration for decreasing the possibilities of debts.

M1 Evaluate the benefits of management accounting systems and their application within an organisational context.

The benefits and application of management accounting system within OSHODI PLC are described underneath:

• Price optimisation system:This is regarded as the system that is associated with setting methods and revise the level of prices that can aids in enhancement of overall revenues and sales. In relation to OSHODI PLC, their sales manager juice bottle prices with the aids of respective system.
• Cost accounting system:This is regarded as system that is affiliated with relevant cost and expenses of administrative various activities and procedures (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2019). Such as in OSHODI PLC, their finance department analyse the key information with aids of cost accounting system and try to maintain its cost of all activities and operations.
• Inventory management system:It is regarded as system that is related with efficacious stored inventory management in proper and effectual manner. Into OSHODI PLC, their manufacturing department used inventory management system to do optimal utilisation of available inventory.
• Job costing system:It is associated with aligning job cost methods to compute cost of each units. In respect of OSHODI PLC, their manager implement job costing system to acquire information in regard to cost of each produced units.

D1 Critically evaluate how management accounting systems and management accounting reporting is integrated within organisational processes

Into management accounting, the vital system and report are included that assists entities to get efficacious information related to various aspects to internal management. For example: OSHODI PLC are using various kinds of system related to management accounting such as job costing, cost accounting and others whole these are aligned with many division. Such as price optimisation is integrated with sales one and others (Kraus, Håkansson and Lind, 2015). Also, the management accounting reports are also incorporated within OSHODI PLC production process. This is because the account receivables report is associated with finance division and performance report with human resource department. It represents that both system and reports of management accounting are incorporated with production methods of undertaken entities.

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TASK 2

P3 Calculate costs using appropriate techniques of cost analysis to prepare an income statement using marginal and absorption costs

Costing techniques is referred as methods which is utilised for determining cost to control cost as well as for formulating decision. It may be applied to make efficacious decisions, appraisal of price, negotiation as well as evaluate performance of buying (Mitter and Hiebl, 2017). The OSHODI PLC used few costing techniques which are described underneath:

Income statement by absorption method:

Absorption costing is also regarded as conventional techniques to ascertain cost. Moreover, this is referred as the vital costing techniques in which whole producing cost is assigned to each and every produced units. It aids OSHODI PLC to generate income statement through focusing upon both the cost that are non fixed as well as fixed.

Income statement by marginal method:

Marginal costing is referred as the costing techniques in which cost of variable are charged to cost units and fixed cost of certain duration were written off against the combine contribution (Osadchy and Akhmetshin, 2015). It assists OSHODI PLC to calculate the two months income statements.

M2 Accurately apply a range of management accounting techniques and produce appropriate financial reporting documents.

The entities accountant produce income statement with the assistance of absorption and marginal costing. Therefore, OSHODI PLC accountants formulate income statement according to used costing techniques. Instead of these techniques, the cost of futuristic techniques is estimated and based upon this variance is calculated by comparing the actual results. Whiles applying some more techniques such as activity based costing, the cost were delegated as per each activities. Due to this, manager have knowledge about whole person cost and cost of each output.

D2 Produce financial reports that accurately apply and interpret data for a range of business activities

After examining OSHODI PLC income statement , it is clarify that with the help of absorption costing the profitability within November is (79000). Where as with the assistance of marginal the profit will be (61000) in same month. So, as an outcomes it is less than absorption costing. Also, the profitability into December is (83000) while computing through absorption costing where as in same month the profit is (101000) with the aids of marginal costing. This is so the cost of fixed overheads is considered differently within both methods. Therefore, the consequences of this is that several amount is considered to calculate closing and opening stock. Therefore, after analysing results of both costing techniques, this have been analysed that marginal costing technique is more suitable to generate OSHODI PLC income statement.

TASK 3

P4 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools used for budgetary control.

Budget is regarded as the monetary plan which is set up by manager to carry out the overall futuristic practices efficaciously. For whole entities, it is so much vital to analyse that this is formulated effectively to determine the real position of the entities (Ratnatunga, Tse and Wahyuni, 2015). Into firms such as OSHODI PLC develop budget to anticipate the futuristic expenses and revenue to attain their goals which are targeted for longer duration.

Budgetary control is regarded as the methods of determining various exact results with budgeted amount for futuristic duration of entities and set the standards thereafter compared the budgeted figure with real performance for computing the variances. In addition to this, it is an ongoing process which aids to plan and coordinate. It will aids OSHODI PLC in obviating unnecessary expenses of financial resources as its essential intent is to enhance profit as well as control desirable expenses. With assistance of this, it may become competent to assure that whole resources are used effectively. Thus, during developing budgets OSHODI PLC manager has to examine real status of entities as well as find requirements so that needs resources may be available on appropriate time. In order to formulate budgets undertaken entities have to explain and gather proper information in respect of entities needs. Thereafter gather data are examined through them for evaluating its accuracy (Speckbacher, 2017). Thus, it formulate budget consequently as well as represent its top executives for taking approvals form them. So, when this get approved the OSHODI PLC manager prepare budget appropriately.

Several planning tools

There are many planning tools for budgetary control that are utilised through OSHODI PLC manager are described underneath:

• Cash budget: It is regarded as cash flows estimation such as inflows and outflows for entities across certain time duration yearly, quarterly and monthly. This is used to evaluate whether firm has effective cash to perform practices. The main intent of respective budget is to render the status of entities cash position (Taylor and Scapens, 2016). Therefore, the OSHODI PLC manager produce budget to avoid the lack of funds during period when they has to bear higher expenditure. In addition to this, it formulated for dividing as well as improving weaker areas and reduce the chances of pessimistic results within cash flows. Its benefits and drawbacks are discussed underneath:

Benefits:

• It will aids OSHODI PLC in accumulating cash to manage as well as control their futuristic practices efficaciously and also preclude them from lack of liquidity.
• Moreover, this assist OSHODI PLC to keep the records of overall transaction which is related to cash for efficacious management of cash.

Drawbacks:

• At the time of developing cash budget, overall transaction is not undertaken only some are considered and it is so much time taking.
• Also, it bound the consumers buying power and OSHODI PLC as well.

Capital budget: It is regarded as budget that is produced through entities to keep records of huge investment. Thus, OSHODI PLC prepare respective budgets for formulating plans for futuristics duration to increase entity's performance. The benefits as well as drawbacks are discussed underneath:

Benefits:

• It assists OSHODI PLC to know about many forms of risk that is included within projects to obtain various opportunities.
• Also, with aids of it, they may become competent to identify project that is profitable for OSHODI PLC then do investment in order to gain profitability.

Drawbacks:

• The main drawbacks of capital budget is that OSHODI PLC can formulate this after longer planning as it may not render optimistic outcomes in lesser duration.
• Moreover, this is considered as an costly budget as well as all kinds of entities can not able to afford this particular tool easily.

M3 Analyse the use of different planning tools and their application for preparing and forecasting budgets

Into the planning tools of budgetary control, many forms of budget are included which aids to develop other budgets. Such as OSHODI PLC accountant usage different budget types such as sales, capital and many others for doing the effectual anticipation of realised outputs. It is only possible for undertaken company as based on last financial information their accountant may able to track the anticipated outcomes for developing many types of budget in effectual as well as efficient way.

TASK 4

P5 Compare how organisations are adapting management accounting systems to respond to financial problems

Monetary issue- In the business entities vital range of issues occurs and financial issues is one of them. Under this issue, companies fail to complete their activities and functions on time that results in lose. Main cause of these financial issues is poor management of available resources. Some general problems are mentioned below in such manner:

• Lack of control over expenses:It can be defined as a kinds of issue in which company gets unable to control over expenditures. If amount of expenses exceeds over income then it becomes a financial issue (Wood, 2016). Basically, main reason of this financial problem is ineffective allocation of monetary resources as well as poor projection of further expenditures. In the OSHODI PLC, they faced this monetary issue which is effecting their monetary performance in a negative manner.
• Lower amount of sales revenue:This is a type of monetary problem in that graph of total sales revenue of company start to decrease year by year. Main cause of this issue is ineffective pricing strategies because customers buy products from those entities whose price is affordable. Eventually, it becomes essential for companies to sort this issue as soon as possible other this may lead to cause of dissolution.

Techniques to identify financial issues:

• Benchmarking:It is a type of approach of assessing monetary issue in which two companies monetary performance is compared with each other. By help of this comparison, it becomes easier to find out actual level of difference which contributes in finding monetary issue. Such as in the aspect of above OSHODI PLC, they have used this technique in order to finding actual monetary issue.
• Ratio analysis: This is defined as a way of finding monetary problem in that various number of ratios are calculated such as profitability ratio, investors ratio etc. By computing and interpreting actual results, it becomes easier for companies to find out actual monetary issue and finding alternative to overcome problems in less time period (Yigitbasioglu, 2016). Such as the above mentioned issue of lack of sales revenue can be identified by calculating sales turn over ratio.

Comparison:

M4 Analysis of usage of management accounting to deal with financial issues faced by the company

The manager of OSHODI PLC applied various management accounting system and other planning techniques like financial governance, Key performance indicators and so on to acknowledge and considering action against financial problems such as lack of control over expenses, lower amount of sales revenue and others by utilising whole these tools the personnel of administration may become capable for observing or analysing adverse situation within company and bring new changes by effectual decision to sort out issues appropriately (Vasarhelyi, Kogan and Tuttle, 2015). As KPI that is key performance indicators facilitates direction to administration personnel to analyse both aspects of problems that are favourable and unfavourable. On other hand, benchmarking render guidances to formulate comparative analysis of decision and policies of entities while considering their competitors plans.

D3 Evaluate how planning tools for accounting respond appropriately to solving financial problems to lead organisations to sustainable success.

There are various budgetary control planning tools such as sales budget, operating budget and many more which are applied by OSHODI PLC for an aim to control budget but it may be usages within process to respond financial issues such as lack of control over expenses, lower amount of sales revenue and others thus, whole these techniques aids managers of OSHODI PLC in delegating funds to whole practices of enterprises in appropriate manner which results in minimising possibilities of issues related to finance as well as may become competent to survive for long period properly (Velasquez, Suomala and Järvenpää, 2015).

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CONCLUSION

As per the above report, this have been concluded that management accounting is a systematized framework that is usages through entities of business for an intent to keep records of overall intrinsic practices. Moreover, there are many types of management accounting system such as price optimisation, inventory management,cost accounting system and many others. All these systems aids them to evaluate the present business position and formulate effective strategies for future. Also, there are many management accounting reports such as performance report, account receivable report and many more. Marginal as well as absorption costing are costing techniques which are applied through manager for analysing the business actual cost. Budgetary control is regarded as the methods of determining various exact results with budgeted amount for futuristic duration of entities and set the standards thereafter compared the budgeted figure with real performance for computing the variances. In addition to this, it is an ongoing process which aids to plan and coordinate. In addition to this, for preparing as well as forecasting budget for responding financial problems.

REFERENCES

Books and journal

Andersén, J. and Samuelsson, J., 2016. Resource organization and firm performance: How entrepreneurial orientation and management accounting influence the profitability of growing and non-growing SMEs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. 22(4). pp.466-484.

Chan, J. L., 2015. New development: China promotes government financial accounting and management accounting. Public Money & Management. 35(6). pp.451-454.

Chiwamit, P., Modell, S. and Scapens, R. W., 2017. Regulation and adaptation of management accounting innovations: The case of economic value added in Thai state-owned enterprises. Management Accounting Research. 37. pp.30-48.

Christ, K. L. and Burritt, R. L., 2015. Material flow cost accounting: a review and agenda for future research. Journal of Cleaner Production. 108. pp.1378-1389.

El-Shishini, H. M., 2017. The use of management accounting techniques at hotels in Bahrain. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research. 6(2). p.78.

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