Resolution Methods for Obtaining Legal Solution

TASK 1

P1. Explain types of sources of law

English legal system is applicable in United Kingdom which consist of different types of laws such as common and statutory. Its legal provisions extend to England and Wales. There are diverse legal principle along with legal consequences in case these are contravened or breached. It has been made the base on which many countries have set their legal structure and system. The constitution of UK is partly written for which numerous legislations have been passed in previous years. The knowledge of English legal system can be gained from different sources which are as follows:

Primary sources- The information is contained in original form without any interpretation or addition. Some of these are:

• Case law- The judgement passed by the courts are presented in the form of reports containing issues, facts, legal principles and the decision. UK legal system follows the principle of judicial precedents according to which future cases are decided on the basis of prior judgement passed (Antwi and Hamza, 2015).
• Legislations- There many legislation passed on the written portion of UK constitution which governs the rights of individuals and organisations. These are the foundation on which every activity is conducted.

Secondary sources- This refers to integrated information deriving from primary sources. Some examples are as-

• Legal encyclopaedias- These are the handy encyclopaedias which is used widely throughout the world. Halsbury's laws of English and Wales is treated as the most authentic and reliable encyclopaedia for gaining the meaning of legal terms.
• Parliamentary and non-parliamentary publications- These are the debates of both the houses of parliament, command papers, reports displayed by government departments or agencies for general public.
• Law commission- There is an independent body formed for examining the implementation of enactments. Report is prepared on findings or conclusion which is then provided to the general public and interested parties for their valuable suggestions (Burns, Mullet and Bryant, 2016).
• Textbooks- It is the easiest way to understand legal provisions. Different authors give their interpretation to make the bare act understandable to a lay man. This can be achieved with the help of textbooks.

P2. Role of government in law making and utilisation of common and statutory law

Government is the authority responsible for making plans and policies for the benefit and better lifestyle of people living in a country. Every strategy used is to lift the minorities, developed infrastructure, generate employment and many other things. One of the important task for government is to improve the implementation of laws in order to have better legal system. The role of government is significant in law making which is divided into the following categories-

Executive role- This role is associated with effective administration and enforcement of legal provisions that have been enacted. Queen, prime Minister and Central ministries are included in this bench (Cain, McKeon and Solomon, 2017).

Legislative role- This is about making laws which can be for the benefits of people living in a country. Every individual has to follow the legal provisions in order to carry their rights and activities lawfully. House of commons and house of Lords are the authority who have the responsibility of making legal provisions.

Judiciary role- This is related to judges available in the courts for or winding up of every case in a prompt manner. Rest of the authorities who are not covered in above roles have the responsibility to oversee the working of courts and judges so that in case of shortfall more new judges can be employed for providing better judgement in an efficient manner.

Other than this, there is a procedure for passing the bill which is elaborated below-

• First stage- This is the beginning of the whole process where in the bill is presented before the parliament.
• Second stage- In this, the features of the bills are discussed among both the houses in a debate form (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2014).
• Committee stage- This comprises of MPS as its members who to assess the possible outcomes after the bill is converted into law. This is done with the intention to amend the provisions for better results.
• Report stage- The report prepared by committee is presented to the house of commons within two weeks for making amendments.
• Third reading- the final draught of the bill is reviewed at this stage and cannot be amended substantially at third reading. However if the approval of both the parties are obtained then for the management can be.
• The royal assent- This is the last stage in which ascent of the queen is received. This shows the completion of all the parliamentary formalities and now the act can be enacted throughout the country (Cuervo-Cazurra, 2016).

The role of lobbyists is to influence the legislations and regulations in an opposite direction than what has been provided by the member of parliament. Their interest is to put the self motives at the top and sometimes it can be contradictory to the national interest.

TASK 2

P3. Status of employed and self-employed

Employees are the lifeblood of an organisation who to show their creativity in order to achieve the goals and objectives (Cuniberti, 2016). Every organisation appoints candidates by executing an employment contract in which terms and conditions are contained. However, in past few years the growth of freelancers has been seen which is an entirely a new concept. These are called independent workers who are different from employees. De difference can be understood through Pimlico Plumbers v Smith case.

Gary Smith was working in a company called Pimlico Plumbers for 6 years when this case happened. He has been unfairly dismissed despite having presented himself as self employed for VAT and income tax for 6 years. He filed a case in the employment tribunal coating that he should be treated as an employee. The case was rejected on the decision that Gary Smith cannot be treated as an employee as he was a self employed worker. To which he went to to appellate tribunal and the case was again rejected by providing the same judgement it has provided by employment tribunal (Deakin and Haldar, 2015).

After getting aggrieved with both the decisions, Gary Smith approached supreme Court to which lord Wilson provided, Mr Smith contracts with Pimlico was an application of personal performance, their features of contract which strongly militated against recognition of Pimlico as a client or customer of Mr Smith. Its tight control over him was reflected in its requirements that he should wear the branded Pimlico uniform; drive its branded van, to which Pimlico a tracker; carry its identity card; and closely follow the administrative instructions of its control room. The Syria terms as to when and how much it was obliged to pay him, on which it relied, betrayed a group on his economy inconsistent with his being a truly independent contractor.”

This was a landmark case which clear the difference between employee and a self employed worker. when a person is appointed as an employee he has to follow all the instructions given by the organisation which is totally opposite in the case of an independent worker.

In this case, if the cooks work treated as employed then and the council would have been under a duty to keep the employment rights of every such individual and in no case they can be forced for doing anything other than the clauses given in the contract of employment (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 2015). Also, an employee has all the rights to approach employment tribunal for getting justice for the disputes or conflicts.

TASK 3

P4. Different types of business organisations

Organisations can be formed in many types depending on the nature of business and other factors. The owner should select the appropriate and the most suitable organisation type which can increase the profit as well as have legal support. Some of the the kinds of business organisations are as follows:

• Sole proprietorship- this business type is owned and managed by a single person who is called as sole trader or sole proprietor. no outside party is involved in this however employees can be the one either from the family, friends or other people. the owner has the exclusive right on profit and loss and holds the power to make decisions. Generally the business is small and there is no requirement of registration or to follow any specific law. It is easy to start and wind up. It does not require much capital (Flavin, 2015).
• Partnership firm- it is formed by two or more people having common interest and an intention to carry business for making profit. it is a voluntary organisation which does not require any registration however the partners can get a registered in order to avoid any conflict in the future (Png, 2017). It is governed by partnership deed which comprises of terms and conditions included with the approval of all the members. The decisions are taken by the partners after obtaining approval from each one of them. In case of any single disapproval the whole decision cannot be made. There is no such huge formalities for establishing a partnership firm and it can be dissolved with the consent of all the partners. The profits and losses are divided as per the ratio provided in the deed.
• Limited company- a company is an artificial judicial person which is formed by the members. It has a common seal and perpetual succession along with right to hold property, open bank account, make contracts, sue etc. It is entirely different from its members which is called the principle of separate legal entity (Gabaix, 2016). It can be limited by shares or guarantee. Former is related to the nominal amount paid by the members on buying the shares. Liability is limited to the extent of unpaid nominal amount on the shares held by them. Letter is concerned with the amount of guarantee that has been mentioned in the MOA. The formation is expensive as compared to any other business forms. The dissolution is not so easy even if all the members die due to the separate legal entity.

P5. Funding and management of business types

Every entity has their own way of funding and managing the business. There should be adequate funds and people to manage the activities in order to achieve the goals and objectives. The same has been elaborated below:

• Sole proprietorship- The management is done by the owner who is the sole person responsible for administrative all the activities. Decision making is entirely a responsibility and role of the sole trader. On coming to the funding part, it has very limited access to the capital and the sources are also very few such as personal investment, and bank loan.
• Partnership firm- The business activities are managed by the partners who take all the decisions by considering the interest of the firm. The partner should give their assent in all the decisions for their implementation. The sources for funding generally consists of personal savings, bank loan, venture capital, crowd funding and many similar sources (Lowrey, 2015).
• Limited company- it is an artificial judicial person which manages the business activities buy a pointing directors. the number of directors collectively are called as board of directors who to make all the decisions and act on behalf of the company. Furthermore, managers are also there to to handle the activities of each department falling under their roles and responsibilities. a company is in the positive side when it comes to sources for raising funds. Some of the most common sources are share capital, debenture, bank loan, retained earnings etc.

TASK 4

P6. Range of dispute resolutions

Mediation- The goal of mediation is for a neutral third party to help disputants come to a consensus on their own. Rather than imposing a solution, a professional mediator works with the conflicting sides to explore theinterestsunderlying their positions (Senat, 2014). Mediation can be effective at allowing parties to vent their feelings and fully explore their grievances. Working with parties together and sometimes separately, mediators can try to help them hammer out a resolution that is sustainable, voluntary, and nonbinding.

Arbitration- In arbitration, a neutral third party serves as a judge who is responsible for resolving the dispute. The arbitrator listens as each side argues its case and presents relevant evidence, then renders a binding decision (Martin and Rice, 2014). The disputants can negotiate virtually any aspect of the arbitration process, including whether lawyers will be present at the time and which standards of evidence will be used. Arbitrators hand down decisions that are usually confidential and that cannot be appealed. Like mediation, arbitration tends to be much less expensive than litigation.

Litigation- The most familiar type of dispute resolution, civil litigation typically involves a defendant facing off against a plaintiff before either a judge or a judge and jury. The judge or the jury is responsible for weighing the evidence and making a ruling. The information conveyed in hearings and trials usually enters, and stays on the public record. Lawyers typically dominate litigation, which often ends in a settlement agreement during the pretrial period of discovery and preparation (Picciotto, 2017).

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CONCLUSION

From the above report it has been concluded that, business law is a very important law for governing the monetary transactions between two businesses. This protects the owner and parties involved from any conflict saw disputes which may lead to huge losses and financial burden. It is a part of civil law where in the provisions of civil judiciary system are applicable. Apart from this, a business can be established in any form depending on the advantages and disadvantages and nature of business. In addition to this, every employee and self worker should be categorised into their right category so as to provide employment rights to those people following in the definition of employment. There are some dispute resolutions solutions which can be applied to overcome the difficulties or conflicts in an amicable.

REFERENCES

• Acemoglu, D. and Jackson, M. O., 2017. Social norms and the enforcement of laws. Journal of the European Economic Association. 15(2). pp.245-295.
• Antwi, S. K. and Hamza, K., 2015. Qualitative and quantitative research paradigms in business research: A philosophical reflection. European Journal of Business and Management. 7(3). pp.217-225.
• Burns, L. D., Mullet, K. K. and Bryant, N. O., 2016. The business of fashion: Designing, manufacturing, and marketing. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
• Cain, M. D., McKeon, S. B. and Solomon, S. D., 2017. Do takeover laws matter? Evidence from five decades of hostile takeovers. Journal of Financial Economics. 124(3). pp.464-485.
• Carroll, A. B. and Buchholtz, A. K., 2014. Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education.
• Cuervo-Cazurra, A., 2016. Corruption in international business. Journal of World Business. 51(1). pp.35-49.
• Cuniberti, G., 2016. The Laws of Asian International Business Transactions. Pac. Rim L. & Pol'y J.25. p.35.
• Deakin, S. and Haldar, A., 2015. How should India reform its labour laws?. University of Cambridge Faculty of Law Research Paper, (25).
• Ferrell, O. C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015. Business ethics: Ethical decision making & cases. Nelson Education.
• Flavin, P., 2015. Campaign finance laws, policy outcomes, and political equality in the American states. Political Research Quarterly. 68(1). pp.77-88.
• Gabaix, X., 2016. Power laws in economics: An introduction. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 30(1). pp.185-206.
• Lowrey, K. M., 2015. State laws addressing youth sports-related traumatic brain injury and the future of concussion law and policy. J. Bus. & Tech. L.. 10. p.61.
• Martin, N. J. and Rice, J. L., 2014. Influencing clean energy laws: an analysis of business stakeholder engagement. Business Strategy and the Environment. 23(7). pp.447-460.
• Picciotto, S., 2017. Rights, responsibilities and regulation of international business. In Globalization and International Investment (pp. 177-198). Routledge.
• Png, I. P., 2017. Law and innovation: evidence from state trade secrets laws. Review of Economics and statistics. 99(1). pp.167-179.
• Senat, J., 2014. Whose Business Is It: Is Public Business Conducted on Officials’ Personal Electronic Devices Subject to State Open Records Laws?. Communication Law and Policy. 19(3). pp.293-326.

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