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Marketing Principles

Introduction to Marketing Principles

Marketing principles can be defined as a range of processes through which firms get to know the needs and wants of customers. Accordingly, organizations provide services or products with the help of which they satisfy their customers. Main aim of organization is to gain maximum profit and for this aspect, marketing principles are very helpful in providing their customers with the better products or services which attract more and more customers (Yeu. and et.al., 2012). The present report is about McDonald's which is one of the fastest growing Firms as it is mostly focused on understanding their customers and accordingly, it provides products which would satisfy them. It has covered almost all the region in all around the world. In this context, it has 36000 outlets at the global level.

Main aim of this report is to understand skills which are related with the fundamental principles and concepts that underpin the marketing process. In this context, different processes and concepts used in marketing will be covered in this report. Further, it also covers the use of different marketing mix at different contexts. Lastly, it also includes the concept behind targeting, positioning and segmentation.

Various element involved in marketing process

Marketing can be determined as a process through which organizations convey information to the customers regarding their product and services. It is very helpful for the firm as it increases the level of sales and revenue (Jeon and et.al., 2015). In this context, there are mainly four elements involved in it which are product, price, place and promotion. For a firm, it is very important to know these four elements so that they could deliver their products or services effectively. Following are the different types of elements which are involved in marketing processes:

Marketing mix: There are mainly seven elements involved in marketing mix. All the seven elements are very essential for understanding the demand and accordingly, providing products and services to the customers which would satisfy them. In this context, McDonald's should be careful in setting their marketing mix so that they could understand their customers effectively.

Segmentation: It determines target audience to whom firm wants to deliver product or services. In accordance with the case, it is very important for McDonald's to determine their target audience as it would provide proper direction through which they would be able to attract targeted audience (Osman,, Johns and Lugosi, 2014).

Analysis of environment: In order to analysis business environment, there are many tools which are involved and these tools are very helpful for the organization to know drawbacks or areas in which they lack. McDonald's can use tools like SWOT, PESTLE, Porters five forces, etc.

Also Read: Principles & Practice of Marketing Level 5

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Costs and benefits of marketing orientation of McDonald's

Market orientation plays a vital role for the organization. It is a type of model which helps organization to deliver products or services according to the needs and requirements of  customers. Following are the benefits and costs of market orientation to McDonald's:

Benefit: Marketing orientation has helped McDonald's in many ways like it has helped in understanding the need and wants of customers (Paul and Roy, 2014). Most importantly, it helps in making able to satisfy customers and as a result, there are many loyal customers for McDonald's. Company frequently takes feedbacks so as to understand the requirement of customers and focus on resolving all the drawbacks. It has helped firm in increasing its sales and revenues along with developing goodwill.

Cost: In order to attract customers, company has made different target audience through which they focus on providing different types of offers according to the segmentation. One of the important strategies which is adapted by McDonald's is that, whenever they come up with new product or innovation, they provide different discount offers. This is done just to know whether the product would be accepted by customers or not (Bal and et.al., 2015). When customers get to know and start accepting the new product, then it raises the price of products and services. In order to convey their offers or new products effectively, they make use of different promotional tools like internet, newspapers, television, radio, etc. so as to attract customers.

Micro and Macro factors which affects marketing decisions

Micro and macro environmental factors highly affect the marketing decisions. Micro environment includes those factors which have direct impact over the organization. These factors are necessary to be managed by the organization (Kulkarni, 2012). On the other hand, macro environment includes factors which also affect organization but company can just take appropriate steps to reduce its impact but cannot completely overcome it.

Segmentation criteria for different markets

McDonald's provides variety of products to its customers and the requirements and needs of the customers at different places differ from country to country. There are many countries in which they developed products according to the tastes and eating habits of the customers at particular market (Ayres and Ayres-Brown, 2014). For example in India when they introduced McDonald's, it was not able to attract customers effectively as the product provided by McDonald's was not effective enough. But when they got to know the tastes and preference of the Indian customers, then developed products accordingly and it helped them to attract customers. McPaneer Wrap, McAllo Tikki Burger, Chicken Maharaja Mac, etc. are products delivered by McDonald's and are soled only in India. The cited firm is focusing on introducing Chicken Maharaja Mac at UK. From its name it is clear that it includes chicken, vegetables and most importantly it includes India masalas which makes it spicy combination. In order to introduce it to UK market, managers of McDonald's would focus on psychographic and demographical segmentation (Quek and Ling, 2013). For attracting customers of UK it would sell the product at discount rate and when McDonald's would get to know the positive response, then it would raise its price.

Targeting strategy for Chicken Maharaja Mac

After segmentation of market, McDonald's would focus on selecting appropriate strategies through which they would be able to attract customers and in competing effectively to their competitors. In this context, there are different types of targeting strategies which can be adopted by McDonald's, few of targeting strategies are as follows:

Differentiated strategy: According to this strategy, firm would focus on different market at a time. In this it has to know all the favourable factors which would help the product to attract customers effectively (Puzakova, Kwak and Bell, 2015).

Undifferentiated strategy: According to this strategy organization would focus on only one market. They would be able to focus on one market and it would be easy of the firm to know the taste and preference easily.

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Concentrated strategy: This strategy would be helpful for the organization to know advantages of adopting the product in the cited market.

According to the above given strategies McDonald's should use undifferentiated strategy as Chicken Maharaja Mac is totally new for the market and through this strategy they would be able to know the impact or the likeliness towards the product. If the response of the product would be positive, then they would be able expand their product to other market as well (Gerhardt, Hazen and Lewis, 2014). In this context, they would be able to focus on particular target audience of the market and can also make change in the product according to the preferences of the customers of UK.

Impact of buying behaviour on marketing activities in different buying situations

Customers behaviour towards the product would be favourable if the firm uses promotional tools effectively. Tools like television, internet, newspapers, etc. (Ghobadian and O’Regan, 2014) should be made used. It should be used in such a way that it creates curiosity among customers and to try it. It is very essential for the firm to understand customer’s tastes. Word of mouth and advertisements play an important role in buying behaviour of customers. If the taste and preference of the customers would be positive, then it would affect the buying behaviour of customer's. They would tent to buy it and taste it at least once. Further, they should provide their customers with additional services (Bernhardt and et.al., 2015). As Coco cola has tie up with McDonald's, Coke should be provided with this product so that customers could be attracted.

Further, McDonald's can use different pricing strategies through which they would be able to attract more and more customers. In this context, they should keep the price of the product low at the starting and when customers get positive response from the customers, then they should increase the price.

New positioning for Chicken Maharaja Mac

Positioning is a process through which firm focus in developing a good image of the product among the mind of customers. It is very essential for the organization to develop good image among the mind of the customers. Through his they would be able to increases the sales for Chicken Maharaja Mac. For positioning it is very important for the business to get positioned then product should be positioned (Teeple, 2016). In the context of McDonald's, this firm has its positioning done. In relation to this, they should focus to position their product at one direction. As the product is new to UK market so they should not focus their positioning at different direction. They should first try to get the response and if they get positive response, then they should position it to other direction as well. There are many competitors for McDonald's who also focus on positioning their product. McDonald's should try to develop different type of positional strategies through which they would be able to compete effectively and could attract more and more customers.

Advertisement is one of the best source through which they would be able to position their product effectively (Lesser and et.al. 2013). Firm should thing of innovative through which they would be able to increase the sales and could position the product effectively. In addition to this, McDonald's can make use of social media with the help of which they would be able to convey information effectively and efficiently.

Ways to develop product to sustain competitive advantage

In the modern world, competition is increasing rapidly. Firms adopt different types of strategies in order to be better form their competitors. McDonald's can use different types of strategies so as to sustain competitive advantage. Use of technology plays vital role in sustaining competitive advantage (Chang, 2015). As use of improved technology helps in providing customers better services. McDonald's can use following points to sustain competitive advantage:

Gaining competitive advantage through cost: Providing the product to customers at low price is the best way to attract customers. If the product is delivered to customers at a price which would be less than its competitors, then it can sustain competitive advantage. In order to reduce the price, firm should select suppliers who would provide their material at low cost. They should also make use of new technology so that they would be able to spend less on developing the product (Gerhardt and et.al., 2015). Through which way firm would be able to reduce the prices and could sustain competitive advantage.

Gaining competitive advantage through product differentiation: As it was discussed able, Chicken Maharaja Mac is only provided in India so it is a unique product, thus it would get product differentiation. As the product is unique there are high chances of product to be accepted by market of UK. They should closely observe the customer's behavior towards the product and accordingly they should make changes so that this way they would be able to attract more and more customers and in sustaining competitive advantage.

Distribution to provide customers convenience

For providing convenience to the customers it is very important for the firm to distribute the product in such a way that they could make it available to customers easily. In this context, they can deliver their product to all the outlet of London.  As the product is new for the market so it is type of risk which McDonald's is going to take (McDonald's, 2015). In respect to this, organization should make available on in London region so that they get to know the response of the customer in that particular region. When the response of the customers of London would be positive, then they would be able to provide their product to other region of UK as well. There are different types of distribution channel which could be used by McDonald's, which are as follows:

Intensive distribution: According to this distribution, firm would make at all the outlets of the country so that customers would get to know about the product and they could experience it easily (Osman, Johns and Lugosi, 2014). This is type of risk which firm would take, as the product is new to the market and there are chances of both acceptance and rejection of the product.

Selective distribution: In this distribution strategy, firm would be selective and provide their product to few outlets. Through this way they would get to know the response of the customers.  
Among the two strategies, McDonald's should use selective distribution as providing the product all the outlet would be a risk and there are chances that the firm may incur losses (Paul and Roy, 2014). Thu, it should select selective distribution as through this they would get to know the response of the customers and accordingly they would be able to provide their services.

Pricing for reflecting the organizational objectives

Pricing plays vital role in attracting customers. As customers prefer to get high quality product or services at low prices. In accordance with the new product that is Chicken Maharaja Mac should be sold at an affordable price as firm should get to know the impact over the product (Bal and et.al., 2015). There are different types of pricing strategies which can be adopted by McDonald's. Following are the few strategies for pricing which could be adopted by McDonald's:

Skimming method: According to this strategy, firm would keep the price of the product high at the initial stage.

Penetration pricing: In this pricing method, price of the new product is kept low at the initial stage. This is the best strategy which could be adopted as the product is new and the demand for the product is unknown and through this strategy at the initial stage they would be able to know the demand of the product (Kulkarni, 2012). If the response of the customers would be positive towards the product, then organization could increase the price.

Competitive pricing: According to this pricing strategy, the price of the product would be determined according to the prices kept by competitors. It is very essential for the organization to conduct market survey to know the pricing adopted by competitors and accordingly firm would determine its price (Kajanus and et.al., 2012).

Among these pricing strategies McDonald's should select penetration pricing in which they would keep the price of the product low at the initial stage and slowly it would increase the price. This would be the best strategy for McDonald's which should be adopted.

Promotional activity in achieving marketing objectives

Promotional activities plays important role in attracting customers and convey information regarding the product. There are many promotional tools which can be adopted by McDonald's so as to attract customers (Quek and Ling, 2013). Following are the ways which can be adopted by McDonald's:

Through television and newspapers: Both television and newspapers are the best source through which McDonald's could promote Chicken Maharaja Mac in UK. As these are the most commonly use tools and this is one of the easiest way through which promotion could be done. Firm has to develop attractive tag line and attractive advertisement so that they would be able to develop curiosity among customers and they could increase the sales (Puzakova, Kwak and Bell, 2015).

Through online promotion: In today's world, use if internet is growing rapidly. This is the cheapest source through which firm can promote their product. In this context, there are many social media in which they can provide their advertisement and attract customers. Social media like Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc. are very effective social sites through which information could be provided.

Additional element of marketing mix

Additional element of marketing mix is physical evidence, people and process. All three are very important for the organization and they should take special focus on their areas as well.

Process: It is the process through which the product is delivered to the customers. The firm should be very careful in selecting the suppliers and selecting the various sources through which they would be able to deliver their product to their customers easily (Gerhardt, Hazen and Lewis, 2014).

People: This is related to the employees who provide product to their customers. In this context, it is very essentials for McDonald have to understand their employees and accordingly they should be provided with things which would satisfy them (Marketing Mix, 2013). In addition to this, it is also important for the organization to provide them with training after monitoring each employee and understanding the areas and accordingly they should be trained.

Physical evidence: According this, healthy and clean environment should be provided to the customers so that they could attract customers effectively.

Marketing plan for two different segmentation

As it was discussed above, there would be two segments on the basis of which marketing planning would be developed which are as follows:

Demographic segmentation: In this context, all the four element of marketing mix would be taken into consideration which is as follows:

  • Product: In order to provide Chicken Maharaja Mac in UK, it is done only after conducting research on the market and by understanding the needs and requirement of the customers.
  • Price: For pricing, penetration pricing strategy would be kept, that means the price at the initial stage would be low (Bernhardt and et.al., 2015).
  • Place: The product would be distributed at outlets at London only, that is selective distribution would be followed. This would help in knowing the demand of the product.
  • Promotion: for promoting the product, newspapers, television and internet would be used.
  •  Psychographic Segmentation: Similarly marketing mix would be used, which are as follows:
  • Product: As the product is new to the market, the customers would prefer it.
  • Price: In this, the price would be kept same. It would not be changes.
  • Place: It would be distributed only at the outlets of London.
  • Promotion: Similarly like demographic segmentation advertisement would be done through newspapers, television and internet.

Difference between product and service

Following are the difference between product and services:

 

  • Both are totally different form each other. When a product is sold to customer, then they could actually see it, taste it and could know the presence. On the other hand, service can only be felt it cannot be touched or cannot be seen.
  • McDonald's focus on providing developing relationship with the customers and for this they focus on providing understanding their customers’ needs and wants and also provide them services which would satisfy them (Lesser and et.al., 2013). Understanding customers’ needs would be helpful in attracting customers and it would be helpful for the firm to grow.

Difference between international marketing and domestic marketing

Following are the difference between international and domestic marketing:

  • Domestic marketing can be determined as the transfer of products and services to same country. On the other hand, international marketing is transfer of products and services to different countries.
  • In order to transfer products and services to same country not documents are required in domestic marketing but in international marketing documents are very essential for the transfer of products and services to other countries (Chang, 2015).
  • For paying the expense incurred in transfer of products and services are played through direct cash, through cheques and through developing direct deposits. On the other hand in international marketing, payment for transfer of products and services to different countries are done through letter of credit only (Gerhardt and et.al., 2015).

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Conclusion

From this report, it can be articulated that there are seven elements involved in marketing mix and all the seven elements should be taken into consideration. When new product or services are developed, firms should make use of marketing mix. In addition to this, segmentation is very important as it provides the firm direction through which they get to achieve their goals and objectives. There are many types of pricing strategies among which firm should use market penetration method when they develop new product. Further, market research plays important role in understanding the needs and wants of the customers. Accordingly, they should provide products or services which would help to satisfy them.

References

  • Osman, H., Johns, N. and Lugosi, P., 2014. Commercial hospitality in destination experiences: McDonald's and tourists' consumption of space. Tourism Management.
  • Paul, R. and Roy, S.K., 2014. Case Study 11: Marketing of Services: The McDonald’s Way. In Marketing Cases from Emerging Markets (pp. 99-112). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Bal, A. and et.al., 2015. I’M Lovin’it: The Salience of Mcdonald’s Logo, Slogans and Colors on Children. In Ideas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old (pp. 601-601). Springer International Publishing.
  • Kulkarni, S.S., 2012. McDonald’s ongoing marketing challenge: social perception in India. Online Journal of International Case Analysis. 1(2).
  • Kajanus, M. and et.al., 2012. Making use of MCDS methods in SWOT analysis—Lessons learnt in strategic natural resources management. Forest Policy and Economics.
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